Profil de 小山当代史PhotosBlogListesPlus Outils Aide

Blog


07/06/2008

多难兴邦与跑跑老师

    “多难兴邦”对谁说合适? 

    “多难兴邦”这个成语也许对唯物主义历史学家说合适,但是对痛苦的灾民说,不合适。因为“多难兴邦”这个成语会让他们反问,为什么要让我们来承受兴邦的这个难?更“自由主义”一点的灾民更会“本能”的拒绝这个词:我的痛苦就是我的痛苦,我的幸福就是我的幸福,和是否“兴邦”这个抽象的概念毫无关系。

    可以想象,如果一个村支书对一个死了几个亲人的村人说,化悲痛为力量吧,您的亲人死得其所,我们国家将因为这次灾难而兴旺发达。如果那个人还有点力气肯定心底里会骂那个村支书昏头了。 

   “多难兴邦”在这个时候被众多的人挂在嘴上,显露的是一种不自觉的集体主义思维。集体主义熏陶下的中国人总是不自觉的不个人的幸福与苦难与国家的强盛和苦难联系起来考虑。即使很多自称“自由主义者”的知识分子也不例外。他们也悲悯的语气说出“多难兴邦”这个词时,丝毫没有觉察到,他们自己正站在国家这个旁观者的角色在评价受难者。

    人们总是喜欢抽象化自己的行为,赋予自己的行为以抽象的解释,以满足内心对理想和行为“言行一致”的平衡。当下在地震灾区的一位范老师对自己逃跑行为的解释是一个典型案例。不过,这次是集体主义的对头“个人主义”的抽象化解释。

   “个人主义者('个体主义者',或者'自由主义者')”的故事 

    “在这种生死抉择的瞬间,只有为了我的女儿我才可能考虑牺牲自我,其他的人,哪怕是我的母亲,在这种情况下我也不会管的。”5月22日在天涯论坛发表《那一刻地动山摇——“5·12”汶川地震亲历记》一文中叙述,在汶川地震来临时,在讲台讲课没有提醒讲台下的学生,作者自个冲到操场避险。毕业于北大的范美忠老师的这篇文章被许多网站转载,引起网络口水巨波。有帖子支持他的真实独白,谴责虚伪的道德宣扬,而更多的文章以激烈的语气痛斥“逃跑老师”的自私行为。(5月25日《新快报》)。 

    范老师理直气壮的声称自己追求“自由和公正”,痛恨极权及集体主义,是不折不扣的个人主义者(或者说自由主义者)。他的这次逃跑行为正是个人主义价值观的体现。本人欣赏范老师的自我解剖的勇气,但是认为他对个人主义存在误读。从网络激烈争论看,对个人主义的普遍误读造成了“真理越争越不明”的局面。为澄清上述误读,我们需要分清楚两个维度的个人主义:生理维度的个人主义和政治维度的个人主义。

    首先说生理维度的个人主义。范老师所用的个人主义更多的是生理维度的个人主义。他忽略了一点(包括在近些年很多左派、右派,自由主义者,集体主义者的吵闹中都忽略了这一点),在生理层面,每个人都是个人主义者,没有例外,从生到死为自己的安全、享乐、生存的个人主义者。任何非常态的利他行为都可以解释为一种更为根本的利己(例如“自私的基因”)。所以这位老师以这种意义的“个人主义”来解释自己的行为等于说了废话,什么都没解释。 

    其次说政治维度的个人主义。这个维度的个人主义在学术研究中被使用的较多。个人主义与集体主义是相对立的一个思维形态。通常,“左派”强调集体主义的正当性,而“右派”强调个人主义的正当性。“左”和“右”的区别表现在:当个人与集体发生利益冲突的时候,“左”号召个人为集体(国家,政府等等)牺牲自己,并且赞同尽可能的用国家立法保障集体利益的实现;而“右”认为正是个人利益构成了集体利益,没有高于个人利益的集体利益的存在,所以不存在个人利益与集体利益发生冲突的情况,而只存在群体内部一部分人的利益与另一部分人的利益发生冲突的情况(这种情况往往被命名为“个人利益与集体利益冲突”)。 

    事实上,“左”与“右”的分歧是关于公域与私域的界限划到哪里(更加具体的一个说法是,道德圈和法律圈的界限划到哪里)的分歧。“右”倾向于把私域(道德)划得大一些,在私域里,人们的行为不会受到任何公权力的约束,可以为所欲为。当然,事实上他不会为所欲为,因为他受到人们的眼光(道德伦理)的约束。而“左”倾向于赞同把公域(法律圈)划得大些,公权力干涉个人行为的领域多些。“左”与“右”的分歧不是根本的“有”与“无”的分歧,而是“多”与“少”的分歧。

    就范老师这个事件来说,是否个人主义与范老师是否应该承担法律责任没有关系。在个人主义范畴下,他的行为依然可能被定义为违法(比方说“渎职”)——没有履行好保护学生的责任。当然,现今大多数政治维度的个人主义者,也许并不赞同他的逃跑行为受到法律的惩罚。

    个人主义不是“自私主义”,个人主义者虽然倾向于赞同尽量扩大私域的空间,但是这丝毫不妨碍他赞同利他的美德。事实上,很多个人主义者是这种美德的代表人物。这也容易解释,既然个人主义者鼓吹减少公权对强制性利他的要求,那么,为了这个社会变得更加美好,在私域中实践利他这种美德无疑是值得褒扬和追求的。

     从“多难兴邦”的言说,到范老师的“个人主义”解释, 都反映了一种脱离具体情景的抽象化拔高的危险。事实上,任何抽象化的拔高蕴含着对“个人主义”偏离的风险,因为个人主义的一个思维特征就是具体情境下的就事论事。

06/06/2008

暴力抗法与非暴力不合作

    全国各处传来小商贩暴力抵抗城管执法的消息。这些大大小小的悲剧不应该发生的。如何小商贩们能够“非暴力抵抗”,会不会有力的多?
    每天很多人都在网络上骂娘——因为帐户被封、帖子被删、某个敏感内容的网页打不开等等,是不是还有比骂娘“非暴力抵抗”更有力的行动?
    事实上,受不当权力伤害的人每天都在“非暴力不合作”,“ccav”、“aoyun”、“河蟹”、“中伤部”等词语的发明是非暴力不合作的证明。但是似乎仅有这些还不够,带有暴力色彩的权力每天还在伤害很多人的自尊,生存和幸福。
    为什么爱国主义的网络红心能够迅速在“网络游行示威”起来,而与每个人息息相关的维护个人权益的行动却难以成为“集体行为”?形成这个现象的一个重要的原因是当前权力机构的私下鼓励民族主义而维权特征的“自由主义”的取向,另一个原因是自由主义本身的缺陷。自由主义以个人主义(个体主义)为基础,倾向于认同“自发秩序”而排斥警惕“集体行为”。自由主义者倾向于“做好自己的事情”而忽视有意识的“团结一切可团结的力量”。但是自由主义的这种倾向损害了自由的实现。自由主义者身上“温和”的特质一方面阻止了暴力的集体行为的出现,但另一方面却有懒惰的,懦弱的,“各顾各”、散漫的嫌疑,忽视了“集体行为”特征的“非暴力不合作”这个伟大的东方传统。
    在一些小圈子内部,已经出现了非暴力不合作的集体行为,但“非暴力不合作”并没有明确的提出来,维护自身权益的抗争效果也远远不令人满意。面对正在伤害善良、正义的强权,“非暴力不合作”是被证明有效的弱者打败强者的哲学理念。
    在当下,每天发生的非暴力不合作行为如果能够尽快的联合起来(在这点,自由主义者往往是理性有余而热情不足),让那些因为愤恨、无助的心灵能够看到联合起来的力量,暴力抗法的悲剧就会少的多。非暴力不合作能做些什么呢?
    不能上街游行示威,但是,可以“网络游行”,“网络示威”——例如像网络红心爱国主义者所做的;不能取消ccav的宣传,但是可以不看它,同时也鼓励别人不看它,例如约定在某一天,或一个月的某几天全部关掉电视机;不能取消网络控制,但是可以用河蟹这样的公开的密码交流,例如,还可以约定在某一天,或一个月的某几天全部不上BBS和blog,email......等等。可以想象,这样的非暴力不合作的成本并不大,甚至说举手之劳。但是,所有的这些却没有发生。
    对丑陋的暴行多容忍一天,就是对美好多伤害一天。如果我们现在无所事事,那么几十年后,我们的下辈或者下下辈就会抱怨我们当初的懒惰和无知。当然,我们自己也会心怀愧疚,为什么今天可以做的事,却留给了明天和后天,把痛苦和丑陋卸与了他们去承担。
   
  
 
05/06/2008

故事

故事背景:
空间:南方的一个城市和几个乡镇,社会行为,个人生活行为,心理状态描述
时间:隐约在政治领域逐渐放开的某个未来
 
叙述方式与结构
《撞车》,《大象》电影画面描述,情节推动,电影独白
 
主题:
社会结构(平等,断裂?),文化深层背景(共同性,断裂,伪善的来源),人性(人格,自私,利他)解剖、救赎,选择的自由
 
风格基调
故事下的社会分析,政治隐喻,现实主义,历史,些许黑色幽默(自杀者系列故事),些许浪漫(山坡上撒播绿色花种子,然后开花,然后泥石流)
 
人物
"我"的“镜像”选择及我熟悉的人的故事,基于生存下的日常选择与“非常态”选择。
 
事件
地震,爱情,政治争斗,黑社会,教育,自杀,他杀,利他,权力,民兵组织
 
 
 

“非暴力不合作”学习

1。“非暴力不合作”历史 (维基百科)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-violent_resistance

Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving socio-political goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, and other methods, without using violence.

The term passive resistance is a form of non-cooperation that is sometimes used imprecisely as a synonym for nonviolent resistance. It means resistance by inertia or refusal to comply, as opposed to resistance by active means such as protest or risking arrest. Te Whiti o Rongomai and Tohu Kakahi at Parihaka were early, modern, passive-resistance organisers whose story is well documented in New Zealand literature[1].

Satyagraha is a form of resistance developed by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi--popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi--which emphasizes the search for truth and attempts to change the heart as well as the actions of the opponent.

Many movements which promote philosophies of nonviolence or pacifism have pragmatically adopted the methods of nonviolent action as an effective way to achieve social or political goals. They employ nonviolent resistance tactics such as: information warfare, picketing, vigiling, leafletting, protest art, protest music and poetry, community education and consciousness raising, lobbying, tax resistance, boycotts or sanctions, legal/diplomatic wrestling, sabotage of weapons, underground railroads, principled refusal of awards/honours, and general strikes.

2。 中国的非暴力不合作运动

 (1)历史的

没找到在1949年前的案例。

(2)当代的

以下是google 搜索的链接 

维权有两种:A,维护法定的权利;B,反对“恶法”所施予的限制,如商贩抵抗城管执法,“文化人”要求言论自由。在后一种情况,权力机构的行为都是合法的,而主张权利的人的行为是违法(他们认定为“恶法”)。

“非暴力不合作”——中国公民维权新模式

网络上的游行示威?

西藏事件,反cnn事件中,普遍传播网络红心的事件是典型的一场“网络游行示威”,是一场成功的比实际上街游行示威更加“非暴力”的运动。

网络红心结是现代中国非暴力不合作运动的parade示威 

“非暴力不合作”运动之后——由陈丹青、贺卫方事件拷问中国高等教育

深圳房地产迎来“非暴力不合作运动”?

京城掀起非暴力不合作运动

 

 

 

03/06/2008

Chinese police drag grieving parents from protest

Technorati 标签: ,,,,

DUJIANGYAN, China - Chinese police dragged away more than 100 parents Tuesday while they were protesting the deaths of their children in poorly constructed schools that collapsed in last month's earthquake.

 1

The parents, many holding pictures of their dead children, were pulled down the street away from a courthouse in Dujiangyan, a resort city northwest of the Sichuan provincial capital of Chengdu.

"Why?" some of them yelled. "Tell us something," they said as black-suited police wearing riot helmets yanked at them.

The parents had been kneeling in front of the courthouse yelling, "We want to sue." Their children attended a high school in Juyuan, near Dujiangyan, where 270 students died.

The Southern Metropolis News quoted a rescuer as saying that rubble from the school showed that no steel reinforcing bars had been used in construction, only iron wire.

The government says the May 12 earthquake destroyed 7,000 classrooms. Many parents have accused contractors of cutting corners when building the classrooms, resulting in schools that could not withstand the 7.9-magnitude quake. Pictures of collapsed schools surrounded by buildings still standing have fueled anger.

Police dragged an Associated Press reporter and two photographers who were covering the protest up the steps into the courthouse, trying to prevent them from seeing the demonstration.

Calls to local police were not answered Tuesday.

Asked why reporters were removed from the courthouse, an official from the foreign affairs office of the local government, Zao Ming, said "this is not a good place to do interviews. ... In a disaster like this, there will be a lot of opinions. The government will solve their problems."

There were also several Japanese reporters at the courthouse. One witness who did not want to be identified said police told the parents: "The Japanese are reporting bad things about you."

Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang said Tuesday that the government had been unusually open about allowing journalists to report on the earthquake and its aftermath. He told a news conference in Beijing that the "principle of transparency and openness remains unchanged."

He said local authorities were making decisions based on the conditions in the disaster zone, though "they are not trying to block any news or to make difficulties for the reporters."

The protest happened while Chinese leader Li Changchun, the country's fifth-ranked ruler, was touring other parts of the city. The official Xinhua News Agency said Li was checking heritage sites damaged in the earthquake.

The confirmed death toll for China's worst disaster in three decades was raised Tuesday to 69,107, an increase of about 90 people from a day earlier, and 18,230 people are still missing, the State Council said. The quake also left 5 million people homeless.

Meanwhile, the official Xinhua News Agency said that authorities have delayed for two days an attempt to divert water from a huge lake formed when the quake sent landslides tumbling into a river in Beichuan in northern Sichuan.

Water levels in the lake had been rising steadily and threatened to flood surrounding areas, prompting authorities to evacuate nearly 200,000 people already uprooted by the quake.

But Xinhua said with little rain forecast for the next several days, rescue workers were not likely to start draining off the water until Thursday. The work had been expected to begin Tuesday.

Workers have already used heavy equipment to dig a runoff channel to remove the water. The government is worried the newly formed lake could burst, sending a wall of water through a valley.

In an indication of how difficult rescue conditions are in parts of Sichuan, there was still no sign of a helicopter that crashed more than three days ago while ferrying survivors. Thousands of soldiers have been combing remote mountains in search of the military helicopter.

The Russian-designed Mi-171 transport was carrying 19 people, 14 of them people injured in the quake, when it flew into fog and turbulence and crashed Saturday near the epicenter of the quake in the town of Wenchuan, state media reported.

02/06/2008

莎朗斯通中了中国爱国主义者们的闷拳

莎朗斯通真的说了地震是对中国的报应吗?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYoZEn9vlzE

莎朗斯通的原话:

“Well you know it was very interesting because at first, you know, I am not happy about the ways the Chinese were treating the Tibetans because I don’t think anyone should be unkind to anyone else. And so I have been very concerned about how to think and what to do about that because I don’t like that. And I had been this, you know, concerned about, oh how should we deal with the Olympics because they are not being nice to the Dalai Lama, who is a good friend of mine.
And all these earthquake and stuff happened and I thought: Is that karma, when you are not nice that bad things happen to you?
And then I got a letter, from the Tibetan Foundation that they want to go and be helpful. And that made me cry. And they ask me if I would write a quote about that and I said, “I would.” And it was a big lesson to me, that some times you have to learn to put your head down and be of service even to people who are not nice to you. And that’s a big lesson for me...”

翻译:

“嗯,你知道,这件事(was)很有趣(翻译成“说来话长”更好些,因为她是对记者解释她的interesting的思想感受改变过程),因为首先,你知道,我对中国人对待藏人的方式不满意,因为我觉得任何人都不能对另一些人不友善。因此,我一直就这件事在考虑怎样想,考虑做什么,因为我不喜欢(中国人)那样做。
而且,我一直在考虑怎样对待奥运会,因为他们对达赖喇嘛不好,而他是我的好朋友。
然后发生了地震等等灾害。于是,我在想:这是不是就是因果报应呢?当你对别人不好,然后灾害就降临到你的头上?
后来我收到了一封信,是西藏基金会发来的。他们想去(灾区)救助。我哭了。他们问我是否可以就此写点什么,我同意了。这对我是一个很大的教训(it was a big lesson to me):有时你得学会低下头帮助别人,即使是对那些对你不友善的人。这对我是一个很大的教训(that’s a big lesson for me)…… ”